Ekaterina Ivanenko, Aaditi Lakshmana, Seema Mahesh and George Vithoulkas
Case Report – Open access – Published Online: 29 July 2025
Abstract
Introduction: Bile duct fistulas (BDFs) stemming mainly from surgery after cholecystectomy present a significant global health challenge due to their associated morbidity and complications. If proven effective, alternative treatments may be preferred, given the invasive nature of the conventional treatment.